- 1793: The Revolutionary government in France issues the levee en masse
- 1819: The Carlsbad Decrees disband the Burschenschaften.
- 1832: The Great Reform Bill reorganizes Parliament in Great Britain
- 1872: Bismarck, the Chancellor of the German Empire, begins the Kulturkampf
- 1884: The Third French Republic legalizes trade unions
- 1889: The Boulanger Affarir in France
- 1892: James Keir Hardie, a Scottish Miner, sits in the House of Commons
- 1894: The Dreyfus Affair begins in France
- 1896: Theodor Herzel publishes The Jewish State beginning the Zionist Movement
- 1913: Britain's Trade Union Act grants unions certain legal rights
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